×òî äóìàåòå îá ýòîì? ß ÷òî-òî ðàñïåðåæèâàëàñü((( âäðóã ïðàâäà( È êàêèìè íàïîëíèòåëÿìè ïîëüçóåòåñü âû?
Î âðåäíûõ, îïàñíûõ âåùåñòâàõ, ïðèâîäÿùèõ ê ñìåðòåëüíûì çàáîëåâàíèÿì, ñîäåðæàùèõñÿ â íàïîëíèòåëÿõ äëÿ êëåòîê êðûñ. Ðå÷ü èäåò î íàïîëíèòåëÿõ, èçãîòîâëåííûõ èç õâîéíûõ ïîðîä äåðåâà, êàê ñòðóæêå è îïèëêàõ, òàê è ãðàíóëèðîâàííûõ
Èìåþòñÿ äîñòîâåðíûå íàó÷íûå äîêàçàòåëüñòâà òîãî, ÷òî õâîéíûå ñòðóæêè è îïèëêè âðåäíû äëÿ çäîðîâüÿ ãðûçóíîâ. Òàêàÿ ñòðóæêà âûäåëÿåò ÿäîâèòûå àðîìàòè÷åñêèå óãëåâîäîðîäû (ôåíîëû) è êèñëîòû. Ôåíîëû, êîòîðûå ïðèäàþò îïèëêàì èõ àðîìàò, îòïóãèâàþò áëîõ, ìîëü è äðóãèõ íàñåêîìûõ.  õîäå ëàáîðàòîðíûõ îïûòîâ âûÿñíèëîñü, ÷òî õâîéíûå îïèëêè ñïîñîáíû çàäåðæèâàòü ðîñò ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ (1). Êîãäà æèâîòíûå ïîäâåðãàþòñÿ âîçäåéñòâèþ òàêèõ îïèëîê, àðîìàòè÷åñêèå óãëåâîäîðîäû ïîãëîùàþòñÿ ÷åðåç äûõàòåëüíûå ïóòè è ïîïàäàþò â êðîâü.
Êèñëîòû, âûäåëÿåìûå õâîéíûìè îïèëêàìè, î÷åíü ðàçðóøèòåëüíû äëÿ äûõàòåëüíûõ ïóòåé. Îíè ôàêòè÷åñêè ìîãóò ïðèâåñòè ê ðàçðóøåíèþ êëåòîê òðàõåè è ëåãêèõ (2). À êàê èçâåñòíî, íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûå çàáîëåâàíèÿ äåêîðàòèâíûõ êðûñ – ýòî ðåñïèðàòîðíûå çàáîëåâàíèÿ. Ìíîãèå âëàäåëüöû äîìàøíèõ êðûñ îòìå÷àëè, ÷òî ïðîáëåìû äûõàíèÿ áûñòðî ðåøàëèñü ïðè ïåðåõîäå ñ õâîéíûõ îïèëîê íà äðóãèå âèäû íàïîëíèòåëåé.
Òîêñèíû, ñîäåðæàùèåñÿ â õâîéíîé äðåâåñèíå, âîçäåéñòâóþò òàêæå íà äðóãèõ æèâîòíûõ è ëþäåé. Òàê, ðàáîòíèêè ëåñîïèëîê èìåþò ãîðàçäî áîëüøå øàíñîâ çàáîëåòü àñòìîé, ÷åì çàíÿòûå íà äðóãèõ ïûëüíûõ ïðîèçâîäñòâàõ (3,4). Äðóãèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîêàçàëè áîëåå âûñîêóþ çàáîëåâàåìîñòü ðåñïèðàòîðíûìè èíôåêöèÿìè öûïëÿò, ñîäåðæàùèõñÿ íà õâîéíîé ñòðóæêå (5).
Õâîéíûå òîêñèíû îêàçûâàþò âîçäåéñòâèå íå òîëüêî íà äûõàòåëüíûå ïóòè. Íåñêîëüêî èññëåäîâàíèé (6,7,8,9) ïîêàçàëè ïîâûøåííûé óðîâåíü ôåðìåíòîâ ïå÷åíè ó ãðûçóíîâ, êîòîðûå ñîäåðæàëèñü íà ïîäñòèëêå èç õâîéíûõ ñòðóæåê. Êàê èçâåñòíî, ïå÷åíü ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñèñòåìîé î÷èñòêè îðãàíèçìà, ïîýòîìó ïîâûøåííûé óðîâåíü ôåðìåíòîâ ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò îá óñèëåííîé ðàáîòå ïå÷åíè ïî ôèëüòðàöèè òîêñèíîâ. Ó ìûøåé ïîâûøåíèå óðîâíÿ ôåðìåíòîâ îòìå÷àëîñü óæå ÷åðåç 24 ÷àñà ïîñëå ïîìåùåíèÿ â ñðåäó õâîéíûõ îïèëîê. Íîðìàëüíûé æå óðîâåíü ôåðìåíòîâ âîññòàíàâëèâàëñÿ òîëüêî ñïóñòÿ 12 äíåé ïîñëå ïîìåùåíèÿ æèâîòíûõ â íîðìàëüíóþ ñðåäó (8). Åñëè ïåðåä ýòèì ñòðóæêà îáðàáàòûâàëàñü ñ öåëüþ óäàëåíèÿ íåêîòîðûõ ôåíîëîâ, òî ýôôåêò áûë ìåíåå çíà÷èòåëüíûì, íî òàê æå èìåë ìåñòî (8,9)
Îäíî èç èññëåäîâàíèé ïîêàçàëî, ÷òî ñìåðòíîñòü êðûñÿò, ðàçâîäèâøèõñÿ íà õâîéíîé ñòðóæêå, áûëà î÷åíü âûñîêîé ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ êðûñÿòàìè, ñîäåðæàâøèìèñÿ íà äðóãèõ âèäàõ íàïîëíèòåëåé. Ó êðûñÿò, ðàçâîäèâøèõñÿ íà õâîéíûõ îïèëêàõ, ñìåðòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 56% ê äâóõíåäåëüíîìó âîçðàñòó, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ñìåðòíîñòü ñðåäè äðóãèõ êðûñÿò ñîñòàâèëà 0,01%. Êðîìå òîãî, êðûñÿòà, ñîäåðæàâøèåñÿ íà õâîéíûõ îïèëêàõ èìåëè ìàññó òåëà íà 23% ìåíüøå, ÷åì èõ ñîáðàòüÿ (10).
Ïîìåùåíèå â òîêñè÷íóþ ñðåäó ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñòðåññîì äëÿ îðãàíèçìà, à ïîñòîÿííûé ñòðåññ ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè ê ñíèæåíèþ èììóíèòåòà. Èññëåäîâàíèå, ïðîâåäåííîå â 1991 ãîäó (1), îáíàðóæèëî, ÷òî ìûøè, ñîäåðæàâøèåñÿ íà ñîñíîâûõ ñòðóæêàõ â òå÷åíèå òîëüêî îäíîãî ìåñÿöà, èìåëè áîëåå ìåäëåííûé èììóííûé îòâåò. Ìûøè, ïðîæèâøèå íà ñòðóæêàõ 8 ìåñÿöåâ, èìåëè àíîìàëüíî óâåëè÷åííóþ ïå÷åíü. Ýòî æå èññëåäîâàíèå ïîêàçàëî è ñíèæåíèå ðåïðîäóêòèâíîé ôóíêöèè ó ìûøåé, æèâøèõ íà õâîéíûõ ñòðóæêàõ. Êîãäà ìûøàì è êðûñàì íà âûáîð ïðåäëàãàëè 3 ðàçíûõ âèäà íàïîëíèòåëåé, îíè âñÿêèé ðàç îòâåðãàëè õâîéíûå â ïîëüçó äðóãèõ.
Õâîéíàÿ ñòðóæêà íåñåò â ñåáå è äðóãèå îïàñíîñòè. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî ëþäè, ðàáîòàþùèå â äåðåâîîáðàáàòûâàþùåé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè, èìåþùèå äåëî ñ ïûëüþ õâîéíîé äðåâåñèíû, èìåþò áîëåå âûñîêóþ çàáîëåâàåìîñòü ðàêîì äûõàòåëüíûõ ïóòåé (11). Íåìåöêîå èññëåäîâàíèå (12) ïîêàçàëî, ÷òî ó ðàáî÷èõ, ïîäâåðãíóòûõ âîçäåéñòâèþ ñîñíîâîé ïûëè áûë áîëåå ÷åì âòðîå áîëüøèé ðèñê âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ ðàêà ãîðòàíè.
Íåñêîëüêî ñëîâ çàùèòíèêàì õâîéíûõ íàïîëíèòåëåé
À òåïåðü ïîñòàðàåìñÿ ðàçúÿñíèòü ðÿä ïðèìåðîâ, ïðèâîäèìûõ â çàùèòó èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ õâîéíûõ îïèëîê.
Òàê, ãîâîðèòñÿ, ÷òî ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé íà ëàáîðàòîðíûõ ãðûçóíàõ è öûïëÿò ñ ôåðì íå ìîãóò áûòü â ïîëíîé ìåðå ïðèìåíåíû ê äîìàøíèì ãðûçóíàì, ïîñêîëüêó â ëàáîðàòîðíûõ óñëîâèÿõ íåò, ê ïðèìåðó, òàêîé âåíòèëÿöèè, êàê äîìà. Òåì íå ìåíåå, æóðíàë «The House Rabbit Journal» (Äîìàøíèå êðîëèêè) ñîîáùàåò, ÷òî ìíîãèå äåêîðàòèâíûå êðîëèêè èìåëè ïîâûøåííûé óðîâåíü ôåðìåíòîâ ïå÷åíè â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà â êà÷åñòâå íàïîëíèòåëÿ äëÿ êëåòîê èñïîëüçîâàëèñü õâîéíûå îïèëêè. Êîãäà æå õâîéíûé íàïîëíèòåëü çàìåíÿëñÿ íà äðóãîé, óðîâåíü ôåðìåíòîâ âîçâðàùàëñÿ ê íîðìàëüíîìó óðîâíþ. Ó äâóõ êðîëèêîâ ïðè âñêðûòèè áûëî îáíàðóæåíî çàáîëåâàíèå ïå÷åíè. Ìíîãèå ÷ëåíû Îáùåñòâà ëþáèòåëåé äåêîðàòèâíûõ êðîëèêîâ ñîîáùàëè î ñìåðòè ñâîèõ ïèòîìöåâ èç-çà çàáîëåâàíèé ïå÷åíè. È âñå îíè ñîäåðæàëèñü íà õâîéíûõ îïèëêàõ. Êðîëèêè âîîáùå ìåíüøå âðåìåíè ïðîâîäÿò â ëîòêàõ, ÷åì äðóãèå ãðûçóíû â êëåòêàõ. Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, îíè ìåíüøå êîíòàêòèðóþò ñ íàïîëíèòåëåì. Ïîýòîìó õîðîøàÿ âåíòèëÿöèÿ íå îçíà÷àåò îòñóòñòâèå âëèÿíèÿ õâîéíûõ òîêñèíîâ íà ïå÷åíü.
Õâîéíûå íàïîëíèòåëè ÷àñòî ðåêîìåíäóþòñÿ ïîòîìó, ÷òî èõ àðîìàò ìàñêèðóåò çàïàõè æèâîòíûõ è îòïóãèâàåò êîæíûõ ïàðàçèòîâ. Îäíàêî ñóùåñòâóåò ìíîæåñòâî áåçîïàñíûõ àëüòåðíàòèâ, íà÷èíàÿ ñ íàïîëíèòåëåé, èçãîòîâëåííûõ èç ïðîäóêòîâ ïåðåðàáîòêè çåðíà è çàêàí÷èâàÿ ñïåöèàëüíûìè îñâåæèòåëÿìè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íåêîòîðûå ïîëåçíûå ñâîéñòâà õâîéíûõ îïèëîê íå ìîãóò îïðàâäàòü èõ ïðèìåíåíèå, òàê êàê âðåäà îò íèõ çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëüøå.
Íåêîòîðûå ëþäè óòâåðæäàþò, ÷òî âñåãäà äåðæàëè ñâîèõ ãðûçóíîâ íà õâîéíûõ îïèëêàõ, è íèêàêèõ îòðèöàòåëüíûõ âîçäåéñòâèé ïðè ýòîì íå áûëî. Îäíàêî ïîâûøåííûå óðîâíè ïå÷åíî÷íûõ ôåðìåíòîâ ìîãóò è íå èìåòü âíåøíèõ ïðîÿâëåíèé. Ïîýòîìó òàêèå âëàäåëüöû, íàâåðíÿêà íå ïðîâîäèâøèå ïîëíîãî âñêðûòèÿ æèâîòíûõ ïîñëå ñìåðòè, íå èìåþò íèêàêèõ îñíîâàíèé óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî õâîéíûå òîêñèíû íå èìåëè ïîðàæàþùåãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ïå÷åíü, äûõàòåëüíóþ è èììóííóþ ñèñòåìû
Íåêîòîðûå çàÿâëÿþò, ÷òî ñòðóæêà, ïîäâåðãíóòàÿ òåïëîâîé îáðàáîòêå, áåçîïàñíà, ïîòîìó ÷òî ïðè òàêîé îáðàáîòêå âñå òîêñèíû óäàëÿþòñÿ. Îäíàêî èññëåäîâàíèÿ (8,9) ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî òåïëîâîå âîçäåéñòâèå ïîëíîñòüþ íå óäàëÿåò òîêñèíû èç äåðåâà. Îáðàáîòàííàÿ ñòðóæêà òàêæå ïðèâîäèò ê ïîâûøåíèþ óðîâíÿ ïå÷åíî÷íûõ ôåðìåíòîâ ó ìûøåé è êðûñ.
×àñòî ñîñíîâóþ ñòðóæêó çàùèùàþò, ãîâîðÿ, ÷òî íèêòî íå çàñòàâëÿåò åå ïîêóïàòü. Îäíàêî áîëüøèíñòâî âëàäåëüöåâ ãðûçóíîâ íå çíàåò î òîêñè÷íîñòè õâîéíûõ íàïîëíèòåëåé. Îíè ïîëàãàþò, ÷òî ðàç òîâàð ïðîäàåòñÿ â ìàãàçèíàõ, òî îí áåçîïàñåí.
Òî, ÷òî õâîéíûå îïèëêè è ñòðóæêà òðàäèöèîííî ïðèìåíÿëèñü äëÿ ñîäåðæàíèÿ äîìàøíèõ ãðûçóíîâ, íå ãîâîðèò îá èõ áåçîïàñíîñòè. À ïðèâåäåííûå íàó÷íûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ãîâîðÿò ñîâñåì îá îáðàòíîì…
Ëèòåðàòóðà
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2. Ayars GH, Altman LC, Frazier CE, Chi EY. (1989) The toxicity of constituents of cedar and pine woods to pulmonary epithelium. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 83, pg. 610-18
3. Shamssain MH. (1992) Pulmonary function and symptoms in workers exposed to wood dust. Thorax, 47, pg. 84-87
4. Siracusa A, et al. (1995) Prevalence and predictors of asthma in working groups in British Columbia. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 28, pg. 411-423
5. Seegar, K.C. Tomhave, A.E. and Lucas, W.C. (1951) A comparison of litters used for broiler production. Delaware Agric. Exp. Stn., Bulletin, 289
6. Ferguson, H.C. (1966) Effect of red cedar chip bedding on hexobarbital and pentobarbital sleep time. Journal of Pharm. Science, 55 p.1142-8
7. Jori, A. et al. (1969) Effect of Essential Oils on Drug Metabolism. Biochemical Pharmacology, 18 p. 2081-5
8. Vesell, Elliot S. (1967) Induction of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Liver Microsomes of Mice and Rats by Softwood Bedding. Science, 157 p. 1057-8
9. Weichbrod, Robert H. et al, (1988) Effects of Cage Beddings on Microsomal Oxidative Enzymes in Rat Liver. Laboratory Animal Science, 38 (3) p. 296-8
10. Burkhart, Carol A. & Robinson, James L., (1978) High rat pup mortality attributed to the use of cedar-wood shavings as bedding. Laboratory Animals, 12, pg. 221-222
11. Vaughan, T.L. and S. Davis, (1991) Wood Dust Exposure and Squamous Cell Cancers of the Upper Respiratory Tract. American Journal of Epidemiology, 133 (6), p. 560-4
12. Maier H, et al. (1992) Laryngeal cancer and occupation—Results of the Heidelberg laryngeal cancer study [German]. HNO, 40, pg. 44-51
13. Harriman, Marinell (1989) Litterboxes and Liver Disease. House Rabbit Journal, I (12) p.8-9
Safe Litters and Beddings
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